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This book explores the influence of Helmuth von Moltke, Germany's Chief of the General Staff between 1906 and 1914. Based largely on previously-unknown primary sources, it shows that Moltke's influence on the Kaiser and on Germany's political decision-making to have been decisive, helping to foster an increasingly confrontational mood. The book also takes issue with the common perception of Moltke as a reluctant military leader, concluding that he was both bellicose and ambitious and played a crucial role in the outbreak of the First World War.
- Sales Rank: #5311383 in Books
- Published on: 2001-04-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.98" h x 1.14" w x 5.98" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 344 pages
Review
"...a valuable contribution to the history of early-twentieth-century Europe." The Historian
"A valuable contribution to the literature of the First World War." NYMAS Newsletter
"This book is essential reading for students of Modern Europe, Germany, and the First World War because it moves the debate on the origins of the war to a new plane - from national to individual responsibility with Moltke at center stage." German Studies Review
"Historian Annika Mombauer has produced an excellent book...Mombauer does a fine job of critiquing the secondary literature...She also makes use of some additional primary sources to draw conclusions that are generally persuasive...Every serious historian of the Wilhelmine period will want a copy of this book." Journal of Military History
"Mombauer brings to bear on her subject...newly available sources from the archives of the former Soviet Union. Useful for collections of all levels." Choice
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
An indispensable book.
By Andy Lowry
Mombauer's contributions in this book make it indispensable (if, alas, overpriced). She shows how post-Marne defense of the supposedly flawless Schlieffen led to a cottage industry in blaming Moltke for losing the war. She demonstrates how Moltke fatalistically took for granted that Germany would fight a general European war, and how that conviction influenced Germany in 1914. This is not a "biased" book; it's based on excellent research into primary sources, and its evidence has to be addressed by anyone studying how the Great War began.
7 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
"Military Necessity" sets Europe and the World of 1914 on Fire :
By John Silence is Golden
As someone who has read extensively on the causes of the 1st World War, whatever knowledge I knew of Helmuth Von Moltke came from two classic books from the 1960s, Correlli Barnetts's - "The Swordbearers" and Barbara Tuchman's -"The Guns of August". Both these authors painted a less than flattering portrait of Von Moltke as weak, indecisive and unfit for the position as Chief of the German General Staff. How could he have risen to command of the most powerfull army in the world based on their {and his contemporaries} poor evaluation of his abilities ?
Ms.Monbauer's well documented book gives realistic insight's to von Moltke's characther, reasoning and mindset in relation to the pressures he faced. Some of Moltke's characther traits - his introspectve nature, pessimisum and fatalism would seem to be at odds with his postion as Chief of the General Staff but these factors were more than off-set by his devotion to his military professsion, arrogance, ambition and faith in that a military solution could resolve Germany's political and strategic problems.
The author makes a reasoned series of arguments that a combination of von Moltke {and his military subordinates} world view, fears, Prussian Militaristic Traditions and the Imperial General Staff's disdain and mistrust of it's civilian government which made the Wilhelmian Empire primarily responsible for the 1st World War to begin in August 1914. The Kaiser despite his bellicose posturing had consistantly shrank from precipitating a war from 1905 despite favorable opportunities. Von Moltke had lamented the lost opportunities - in particular the Austrian- Serbian crisis of 1908-09 and had no compunction to delberately manuver around him as circumstances dictated.
More than any other individual and responsible leader of Germany's "establishment/elites" it was Von Moltke who was most outspoken in his conviction that a early/preventive war to smash their Entente oppenents would be an acceptable risk for Germany to take and had advocated for preventative war at {in his view} favorable opportuinity's in 1909 and 1911-12. Despite moments of clarity when he had doubts that a war would be the short one that was planned for - Moltke still was wedded to assuming it could only be of limited duration and victorious.
While the five other European great powers had {in varying degrees} these civilian military/disputes and problems to leverage a supposed/temporary superiority into the political equation only in Imperial Germany did the Chief of the General Staff and his military subordinates have the immense prestige, independent status and cool audacity to keep secret much of its tactical and strategic planning from the Kaiser and his civilian ministers - even to the planned "Coup De Main" against Beligum's Liege Fortifications by keeping 5 1/2 brigades at 100% war readiness a secret from their Civilian government and their "Supreme Warlord" Kaiser Wilhelm 11. The sudden attack on the Liege forts was considered to be critical to the success of the German Army's great wheeling move thru Beligum and this "trigger" loomed large in von Moltke's pushing for war in July 1914.
Much of the general information that the author relays is not new, such as the Kaiser's critical political role and command power, the makeup and functions of the Great General Staff, its politics, the contrast and differnces between between Von Schlieffen and Von Moltke and the adaptation and major revisions that Von Moltke made to the Schieffen Plan after 1906 - Ms. Mombauer concisely and expertly weaves these issues into the narrative. The author cites many sources that "debunks" much of the myth of Von Schieffen as the presiding miltary genius of a plan that Von Moltke {supposedly} ruined thru unwarranted changes. Von Moltke greatly overestimated what his army was capable of and displayed wishfull thinking in downplaying that breeching Beligum neutrality and the very probable British entry into the war that would add 230,000 to 250,000 British and Beligum troops into the line of battle would be of marginal difference in affecting his armies great outflanking move. In retrospect, Moltke's arrogance is astonishing in his reasoning.
The failure of Von Moltke to coordinate with his Austro -Hungarian allies is almost beyond comprehension given that the German plan of campaign by concentrating 7/8s of the Imperial Army against France absolutely depended on a Hapsburg Army of 40 divisions being able to fend off off 50-60 Russian Divisions long enough for Germany to gain victory in France and then turn eastwards. Moltke didn't have a lot of faith in the Austro- Hungarian Armies capacities so why would'nt he try to maximize this valuable resource by some joint stategic planning ? By not trusting and displaying sufficent candor with his Austrian allies, von Moltke's actions and mindset indicate that he thought Germany could "go it alone" to win a short/quick war - a fatal overestimation of the German Armies capability's and strenght.
Von Moltke's and the majority of the General Staff's narrow military mindset and paranoia of "Military Necessity", their absolute assertion that the longer Germay delayed going to War when circumstances were {in their view} favorable, the more she risked defeat at some future/unspecified date is the central and critical factor to the author fixing the blame von Moltke, the Great General Staff and Imperial Germany as being primarily responsible for starting the 1st World War. Far from being weak and vacillating, Von Moltke and the General Staff are shown by Ms Mombauer in being the main protagonist's who thru narrow military logic concusiously manuvered Germany into war in July 1914.
Nothing is more telling than in Moltke's and the General Staff's detirmination that Germany must fight in 1914 with the author showing how they misinformed, withheld and manipulated information to the Kaiser thru-out that fatefull July. That Von Moltke in late July started tho have doubts about the wisdom of going to war is a moot point since he had called for war consistantly from 1908 - his consistant refrain was "The sooner war comes the better for us". The author highlights why Germany and Austro - Hungarian Empire were so willing in 1914 to risk the prospect of a European/World War on their fears that the military balance was tilting against them "vis a vis" potential opponents and delay would furthur decrease any chance of their emerging victorious. The need for a quick and unimpeded {by civilian interference} mobilization of the army was a "military necessity" that affected their civilian counterparts ability to try to broker any diplomatic solution thru in July 1914.
There is an insightfull synopsis and analysis of the campaign in the west and how von Moltke coped with the strains and pressures of supreme command. Ms.Mombauer goes into detail about Moltke's August/September {alleged} mental collaspse and concludes that these incidents {as described} were greatly exaggerated by certain staff officers after the war primarily to discredit and blame him for the Schifflen Plans failure. I was surprised to discover how ambitous Von Molt ke was and how hard he fought to be reappointed as Chief of the General Staff after his replacement in September by Eric Von Falkenhayn.
The author clearly shows and documents that Moltke and the Great General Staff {once the Kaiser gave Austria- Hungary the "blank check" of Germany's support on July 6th} wanted war and were not inclined to accept any interference from the Kaiser or civilians to prevent it or on how they conducted it. The flawed and fragmentary goverment structure of Imperial Germany,the lack of coordination between the civilian and miltary branches coupled with an unstable and indecisive monarch created the opportunity for Von Moltke and the military to control the adgenda. The revised Schlieffen Plan combined with a rigid mobilization schedule and complete lack of flexibility in its options {made worse by Moltke in the 1913 war plans removing the alternative of striking Russia first while staying on the defensive against France}and made it militarily imposssible for Germany to do anything except strike at France thru neutral Beligum. This would certainly involve Great Britian and her Empire into the fray against Germany AND YET this didn't deflect Von Moltke and the Great General Staff in what they deemed to be a favorable moment for Germany to opt for war.
This is a well researched, concise and lucidly written book. Not everyone will agree with the authors conclusions but I believe that she makes a very strong case for von Moltke and the German ruling elites as being primarily responsible for the war of 1914 and I strongly concur with her conclusions. This book is geared towards the specialist reader that has some knowledge of European diplomatic, economic, social and military history between 1870 and 1914. I highly recommend this book and give it a five star rating.
22 of 42 people found the following review helpful.
Mombauer's bias
By Peter Hof
Students of WW1 should keep a few things in mind when reading Mombauer.
Annike Mombauer swallows hook, line, and sinker, the Fischer absurdity that Germany started WW1 for the purpose of "securing for Germany a position of dominance both within Europe and ultimately world-wide." For this reason, according to Mombauer, Germany chose to attack an enemy which was superior in virtually every respect, with England thrown in for good measure. How bad is Mombauer, really? She posits that some German leaders simply wanted "war for war's sake." Yes indeed! Germany was so eager to play soldier that she even started a war which she had every chance of losing. Better lose than not fight at all, eh Annike?
Serious students of WW1 are well-advised to give Mombauer's extreme Germanophobia a pass. In fairness, it must be admitted that Mombauer did a lot of research and contributed to our knowledge of Moltke and his role in the outbreak of war in 1914. But Moltke's advice to Austria (in the final week of July) to mobilize was motivated by his sheer alarm at the extent of Russian mobilization measures. Moltke did say "the sooner the better for us." But he also said "We do not want it [the war]. We have nothing to gain from it." Helmuth von Moltke contributed little if anything to the outbreak of the Great War.
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